Morphological And Morphometric Study Of Dry Scaphoid Bone In The North Indian Population

Background: A review of the relevant literature showed that previous descriptions of scaphoid were not detailedenough to match our present clinical knowledge or the requirements of modern imaging especially in the NorthIndian population. With this in mind a study was conducted on 50 dry cadaveric scaphoids of North Indianorigin.Material and Methods: The study was performed on 50 dry human scaphoid bones of the North Indian population.Various morphological and morphometric parameters were observed and measured using vernier callipers, anon-stretchable thread, centimetre scales and a protractor.Results: All the morphological parameters studied were present in all the 50 bones except the sulcus for flexorcarpi radialis that was absent in 12 and the ridge for the scapho-capitate interosseous ligament that was absentin 13 bones. The tubercle was conical in 36, pyramidal in 13 and round in the remaining 1 bone. The maximallength of scaphoid and the thickness of waist were significantly higher on the right side. 30 bones had equallydeveloped, 10 bones had under developed proximal while the remaining 10 bones had under developed distalpole. The average value of anteroposterior intra scaphoid angle of 50 scaphoid was found to be 39.20+6.420.Clinical significance: The data obtained in the present study will be helpful for the hand surgeons, radiologists,morphologists and clinical anatomists

Study of Palmar Type of Median Artery and its Fate.

Background: The median artery is a transitory vessel that represents the arterial axis of the forearm during early embryonic life. When present, it appears mainly as two types: antebrachial and palmar. Context and purpose of the study: In the present study the objective was to investigate the occurrence and fate of palmar type of median artery. The study was conducted on 40 cadaveric upper extremities dissected in the department of Anatomy, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India. Results: In the present study, persistent median artery (palmar type) was seen in 2.5% of the limbs dissected. It was originating from the posterior aspect of the ulnar artery approximately 3.2 cm distal to the elbow joint. It pierced the median nerve (traversing from its medial to its lateral aspect) in the proximal third of the forearm. The artery then travelled lateral to the median nerve in rest of the forearm. Subsequently, it accompanied the median nerve into the palm passing deep to the flexor retinaculum. Finally, the artery terminated by completing the superficial palmar arch. In addition to the above described variant blood vessel, we also observed high division of median nerve into its medial and lateral branches. Clinical implications: When median artery is patent and reaches the hand, it forms the only arterial supply to the median nerve and damage to this artery could have serious effects. The aim of our study was to provide additional information about anomalous palmar type of median artery and its clinical implications.

Study on Communicating Branches of Sural Nerve: Review of Literature and its Clinical Implications.

Introduction: Variations of nerve are not only of anatomic and embryological interest but also of clinical importance. Their adequate knowledge will help in increasing surgical precision and decreasing morbidity. Materials and Methods: In the present study the communicating branches of sural nerve were studied. The material for the present study comprised of 60 lower extremities belonging to 30 adult human cadavers obtained from Department of Anatomy, GMC, Amritsar, India. The sural nerve was identified and traced downward in the limb. Result: In the present study these communicating branches arose either from lateral sural cutaneous nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve) or superficial peroneal nerve (intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch) or from tibial nerve itself. Discussion: Sural nerve is usually used as grafting material. So these described variations are helpful for planning operative approaches that minimize risk of sural nerve injury. Moreover the anatomic course of nerve in distal leg and ankle makes it susceptible to local trauma and also to increased risk of injury during surgical intervention at ankle.

Superficial Brachial Artery: Its Embryological and Clinical Significance.

The principal arteries of the upper limb show a wide range of variations that are of considerable interest to orthopedic surgeons, plastic surgeons, radiologists and anatomists. We present here a case of bilateral superficial brachial artery found during the routine dissection of the upper limbs of a 50-year-old female cadaver. In both the limbs, the third part of the axillary artery divided into superficial brachial and deep brachial arteries; denominated according to their relation to the median nerve. The superficial brachial artery continued in the arm without giving any branches and ended in the cubital fossa dividing into radial and ulnar arteries. The deep brachial artery gave rise to anterior circumflex humeral, posterior circumflex humeral and profunda brachii arteries. Earlier superficial brachial artery has been reported with a prevalence rate varying from 0.2% to 25% but bilateral variation is extremely rare. The great variability of this arterial pattern may be attributed to the failure of regression of some paths of the embryonic arterial trunks.1 The embryological and clinical significance of this variant are also discussed in detail.